Harvesting standard operating procedures and fresh fruit bunch quality in oil palm: literature review

Immanuel Simangunsong; Aditya Tri Ardhana; Mhd. Syandi Pratama; Frans Bobby Erlangga; Hidayah Ramadhan Harahap; Guntoro Guntoro

Authors

Immanuel Simangunsong Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia, Indonesia
Aditya Tri Ardhana Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia, Indonesia
Mhd. Syandi Pratama Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia, Indonesia
Frans Bobby Erlangga Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia, Indonesia
Hidayah Ramadhan Harahap Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia, Indonesia
Guntoro Guntoro Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia, Indonesia

Keywords:

FEB Quality, Free Fatty Acids, Harvesting Standard Operating, Oil Palm Harvesting, Procedures

Abstract

The quality of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is one of the key factors affecting the productivity and efficiency of the palm oil industry. Improper harvesting practices may lead to increased losses, reduced oil extraction rates, and deterioration of fruit quality. Therefore, the implementation of harvesting Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) is essential to ensure that harvesting activities are carried out effectively and consistently. This study aimed to examine the role of harvesting SOPs in maintaining the quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches through a literature review approach. Literature data were collected from scientific publications indexed in Sinta and Scopus databases using the keywords oil palm harvesting, fresh fruit bunch quality, harvest losses, free fatty acid, harvesting SOP, and post-harvest handling. A total of 25 articles published between 2018 and 2025 were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The collected literature was analyzed descriptively through comparison and synthesis of findings from previous studies. The review indicates that the implementation of harvesting SOPs is associated with improved compliance with fruit maturity standards, reduced harvest losses, lower risk of free fatty acid formation, and improved maintenance of fruit quality. The literature also highlights the importance of worker competence, supervision, transportation management, and adherence to harvesting schedules in supporting effective SOP implementation. Conversely, inadequate harvesting practices may negatively affect fruit quality and plantation performance. In conclusion, harvesting SOPs play an important role in maintaining the quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches and supporting sustainable plantation management. Continuous training, monitoring, and evaluation are recommended to strengthen SOP implementation and improve harvesting performance.

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