Morphological and Physiological Responses of Crop Plants to Salinity Stress: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
Morphology, Physiology, Plants, SalinityAbstract
Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor limiting plant growth and productivity in various agricultural ecosystems. Salt accumulation in the root zone causes osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutrient imbalance, which directly impact plant performance. This article aims to review and synthesize research findings related to plant morphological and physiological responses to salinity stress. The method used was a literature review of relevant national and international scientific publications. The results of this study indicate that salinity stress triggers morphological changes in the form of decreased vegetative growth, leaf area, root system development, and plant biomass. Physiologically, salinity inhibits photosynthesis, affects stomatal regulation, disrupts water and ion balance, and increases the formation of reactive oxygen species. Plants respond to these conditions through adaptive mechanisms such as osmoregulation, regulation of ion transport, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. These morphological and physiological responses are interrelated and play a crucial role in determining plant tolerance to salinity stress. This study is expected to provide a scientific basis for the development of salinity-tolerant plants and the sustainable management of saline land.
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